Among these are seven Quadrumana (apes, monkeys, and lemurs), animals who pass their whole existence in forests, who never swim, and who would be quite unable to traverse a single mile of Tiffany Earrings sea nineteen Carnivora, some of which no doubt might cross by swimming, but we can not suppose so large a number to have passed in this way across a strait which, except at one point, is from thirty to fifty miles wide and five hoofed animals, including the tapir, two species of rhinoceros, and an elephant. Besides these there are thirteen Rodents and four Insectivora, including a shrewmouse and six squirrels, whose unaided passage over twenty miles of sea is even more inconceivable than that of the larger Tiffany Cufflinks animals.
But when we come to the cases of the same species inhabiting two of the more widely separated islands, the difficulty is much increased. Borneo Nike Shox is distant nearly 150 miles from Biliton, which is about fifty miles from Banca, and this fifteen Swarovski Crystal from Sumatra, yet there are no less than thirty-six species of mammals common to Tiffany Bracelets Borneo and Sumatra. Java again is more than 250 miles from Borneo, Swarovski Bracelets yet these two Swarovski Outlet islands have twenty-two species in common, including monkeys, lemurs, wild oxen, squirrels, and shrews. These facts seem to render it absolutely certain .that there has been at some former period a connection between all these islands and the main-land, and the fact that most.
of the animals common to two or more of them show little or no variation, but are often absolutely identical, indicates that the separation must have been recent in a geological sense that is, Tiffany and co not earlier than the Newer Pliocene epoch, at .which time land animals began to assimilate closely with those now existing. Even the bats furnish an additional argument, if one were needed, to show that the islands could not have been peopled from each other and Nike outlet from the continent without some former connection. For if such had been the mode of stocking them with animals, it is quite certain that creatures which can fly long distances would be the first to spread from island to island, and thus produce an almost perfect uniformity of species over the whole region. But Tiffany Pendants no such uniformity exists, and Indo-malay Islands.

The hoofed animals are twenty-two in number, of which about seven extend into Burmah and India. All the deer are of peculiar species except two, which range from Malacca into India. Of the cattle, one Indian species reaches Malacca, Tiffany Pendants while the Bos sondiacus of Java and Borneo is also found in Siam and Burmah. A Tiffany and co goat-like animal is found in Sumatra which has its representative in India while the two horned rhinoceros of Swarovski Crystal Sumatra and the single-horned species of Java, long supposed to be peculiar to these islands, are now both ascertained to Nike outlet exist in Burmah, Pegu, and Moulmein. The elephant of Sumatra, Borneo, and Malacca is now considered to be identical with that of Ceylon and India. In all other groups of Mammalia the same general phenomena recur.
A few species are identical with those Swarovski Outlet of India. A much larger number are closely allied or representative forms, while there are always a small number of peculiar genera, consisting Tiffany Cufflinks of animals unlike those -found in any other part of Swarovski Bracelets the world. There are about fifty bats, of which less than one-fourth are Indian species thirty-four Rodents (squirrels, rats, etc.), of which six or eight only are Indian and ten Insectivora, with one exception peculiar to the Malay region. The squirrels are very abundant and characteristic, only two species out of twenty-five extending into Siam and Burmah. The Tupaias are curious insect-eaters, which closely resemble squirrels, and are almost confined to the Malay Islands, as are the small feather-tailed Ptilocerus lowii of Borneo, and the curious long-snouted and naked-tailed Gymnurus rafflesii. As the Malay Peninsula is a part of the continent of Asia, the question of the former union of the islands to the mainland will be best elucidated by studying the species which arc found in the former district, and Nike Shox also in some of the islands. Now, if we entirely leave out of consideration the bats, which Tiffany Bracelets have the power of flight, there are still forty-eight species of mammals common to the Tiffany

It is these two classes which will supply us with most of our facts as to the geographical distribution of organized beings in this region. The number of Mammalia known to inhabit the Indo-Malay region is very considerable, exceeding 170 species. With the exception of the bats, none of these have any regular means of passing arms of the sea many miles in extent, and a consideration of their distribution must therefore greatly Swarovski Bracelets assist us in determining whether these islands have ever been connected with each other or with the continent since the epoch of Swarovski Outlet existing species. The Quadrumana, or monkey tribe, form one of the most characteristic features of this region.
Twenty-four distinct species are known to inhabit it, and these are distributed with tolerable uniformity over the islands, nine being found in Java, ten in the Malay Peninsula, eleven in Sumatra, and thirteen in Borneo. The great man-like orang-utans are found only in Sumatra and Borneo the curious siamang (next to them in size) in Sumatra and Malacca the longnosed monkey only in Borneo while every island has representatives of the Gibbons, or Nike Shox long-armed apes, and of. monkeys. The lemur-like animals, Nycticebus, Tarsius, and Galeopithecus, are found in all the islands. Seven species found on the Malay Peninsula extend also into Sumatra, four into Borneo, and three into Java while two range into Siam and Burmah, and one into North India.
With the exception of the orang-utan, the Tiffany Earrings siamang, the Tarsius spectrum, and the Galeopithecus, all the Malayan genera of Quadrumana are represented in India by closely allied species, although, owing to the limited range Tiffany Bracelets of Swarovski Crystal most of these animals, so few are absolutely identical. Indo-malay Islands. Of Carnivora, thirty-three species are known from the Indo-Malay region, of which about eight Tiffany and co are found also in Burmah and India. Among these are the tiger, leopard, a tigercat, civet, and otter while out of the twenty genera of Nike outlet Malayan Carnivora, thirteen are represented in India by Tiffany Cufflinks more or less closely allied species. As an example, Tiffany Pendants the Malayan bear is represented in North India by the Thibetan bear, both of which animals may be seen alive at the Zoological Society's Gardens.

Orchids, Araceoe, Zinziberacese, and ferns are especially abundant, and the genus Grammatophyllum a gigantic epiphytal orchid, whose clusters of leaves Tiffany Cufflinks and flower-stems Tiffany Bracelets are ten or twelve feet long is peculiar to it. Here, too, is the domain of the wonderful pitcher-plants (Nepenthaceae), which are only represented Swarovski Bracelets elsewhere by solitary species in Ceylon, Madagascar, the Seychelles, Celebes, and the Moluccas. Tiffany Pendants Those celebrated Tiffany Earrings fruits, the mangosteen and the Tiffany and co durion, are natives of this region, and will hardly grow out of the Archipelago. The mountain plants of Java have already been alluded to as showing a former Indo-malay Islands. connection with the continent of Asia and a still more extraordinary and more ancient connection with Australia has been indicated by Mr.
Low's collections from the summit of Kini-balou, the loftiest mountain Swarovski Outlet in Borneo. Plants have much greater facilities for passing across Swarovski Crystal arms of the sea than animals. The lighter seeds are easily carried by the winds, and many of them are specially adapted to be so carried. Others can float a long time unhurt in the water, and are drifted by winds and currents to distant shores. Pigeons, and other fruit-eating birds, are also the means of distributing plants, since the seeds readily germinate after passing through their bodies. It thus happens that plants which grow on shores and lowlands have a wide distribution, Nike Shox and it requires an extensive knowledge of the species of each island to determine the relations of their floras with any approach to accuracy.
At present we have no such complete knowledge of the botany of the several islands of the Archipelago and it is only by such striking phenomena as the occurrence of northern and even European genera on the summits of the Javanese mountains that we can prove the former connection of that island with the Asiatic continent. With land animals, however, the case is very different. Their means of passing a wide expanse of sea are far more restricted. Their distribution has been more accurately studied, and we possess a much more complete knowledge of such groups as mammals and birds in most of the islands Nike outlet than we do of the plants.

This was a Nike outlet most curious object, as large as a pigeon, but Tiffany Pendants without a particle of plumage on any part of it. It was exceedingly plump and soft, and with a semi-transparent skin, so that it looked more like a bag of jelly, with head and feet stuck on, than like a real bird. The Tiffany Cufflinks extraordinary habit of the male in plastering up the Tiffany Bracelets female with her egg and feeding her during the whole time of incubation, and till the young one is fledged, is common to several of the large hornbills, and is one of those strange facts in natural history which are " stranger than fiction.
" In the first chapter of Tiffany Earrings this work I have stated generally the reasons which lead us to conclude that the large islands in the western portion of the Archipelago Java, Sumatra, and Swarovski Outlet Borneo as well as the Malay Peninsula and the Philippine Islands, have been recently separated from the continent of Asia. I now propose to give a sketch of the natural history of these, which Tiffany and co I term the Indo-Malay Islands, and to ehow how far it stlpports this view, and how much information it is able to give us Swarovski Bracelets of the antiquity and origin of the separate islands.
The flora of the Swarovski Crystal Archipelago is at present so imperfectly known, and I have myself paid so little attention to it, that I can not draw from it many facts of importance. The Malayan type of vegetation is however a very important one and Dr. Hooker informs us, in his "Flora Indica," that it spreads over all the moister and more equable parts of India, and that many plants found in Ceylon, the Himalayas, Nike Shox the Nilghiri, and Khasia mountains are identical with those of Java and the Malay Peninsula. Among the more characteristic forms of this flora are the rattans climbing palms of the genus Calamus, and a great variety of tall, as well as stemless palms.

Nike Shox The tail is prehensile, and is probably made use of as an additional support while feeding. Nike outlet It is said to have only a single young one at a time, and my own observation confirms this statement, for I once shot a female, with a very small blind and naked little creature cling King closely to its breast, which was quite bare and much wrinkled, reminding me of the young of Swarovski Outlet Marsupials, to which it seemed to form a Tiffany and co outlet transition. On the back, and extending over the limbs and membrane, the fur of these animals is short, Tiffany Sets but exquisitely soft, resembling in its texture that of the chinchilla.
I returned to Palembang by water, and while staying a day at a village while a boat was being made water-tight, I had the good-fortune to obtain a male, female, and young bird of one of the large hornbills. I had sent Tiffany Accessories my hunters to shoot, and while I was at breakfast they returned, bringing me a fine large male, of the Buceros bicornis, which one of them assured me he had shot while feeding the female, which was shut up in a hole in a tree. I had often read of this curious habit, and immediately returned to the place, accompanied by several of the natives.
Tiffany Watches After crossing a stream Swarovski Crystal and a bog, we found a large tree leaning over some water, and on its lower side, at a height of about twenty feet, appeared a small hole, and what looked like a quantity of mud, which I was assured had been used in stopping up the large hole. After Tiffany Charms a while we heard the harsh cry of a bird inside, and could see the white extremity of its beak put out. I offered a rupee to any one who would go up and get out the bird, with the egg or young one, but they all declared it was Swarovski Earrings too difficult, and they were afraid to try. I therefore very reluctantly came away. In about an hour afterward, much to my surprise, a tremendous loud hoarse screaming was heard, and the bird was brought me, together with a young one which had been found in the hole.

of cultivation. About Lobo Raman tusks and bones are occasionally found Swarovski Crystal in the forest, but the living animal is now never seen. The rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatranus) still abounds, and I continually saw its tracks and its dung, and Tiffany Accessories once disturbed one feeding, which went crashing away through the jungle, only permitting me a momentary glimpse of it through the dense underwood. I obtained a tolerably perfect cranium and a number of teeth, which were picked up by the Tiffany Charms natives. Another curious animal, which I had met with in Singapore and in Borneo, but which was more abundant here, is the Galeojnthecus, or flying lemur. This creature has a broad Tiffany and co outlet membrane extending all round its body to the extremities of the toes, and to the point of the rather long tail. This enables it to pass obliquely through the air from one tree to another.
It is sluggish in its motions, at least by day, going up a tree by short runs of a few feet, and then stopping a moment as if the action was difficult. It rests during the day clinging to the trunks of trees, where its olive or brown fur, mottled with irregular whitish spots and blotches, resembles closely the color of mottled bark, and no doubt helps to protect it. Once, in a bright twilight, I saw one of these animals run up Swarovski Earrings a trunk in a rather open place, and then glide obliquely through the air to another tree, on which it alighted near its base, and immediately began to ascend.
I paced the distance from the one tree to the other, and found it to be seventy yards and the amount of Nike outlet descent I estimated Swarovski Outlet at not more than thirty-five or forty feet, or less than one in five. This I think proves that the animal must have some power of guiding itself through the air, otherwise in so long a distance it would have little chance of- alighting exactly upon the trunk. Like the Nike Shox Cuscus of the Moluccas, the Galeopithecus feeds chiefly on leaves, and possesses a very voluminous Tiffany Sets stomach and long convoluted intestines. The brain Tiffany Watches is very small, and the animal possesses such remarkable tenacity of life that it is exceedingly difficult to kill it by ordinary means.

I purchased a small one, which had been caught by the natives and tied up so tightly as to hurt it. It was rather savage at first, and tried to bite but when we had released it and given it two poles Swarovski Crystal under the veranda to hang upon, securing it by a short cord, running along the pole with a ring, Tiffany Watches so that it could move easily, it became more contented, and would swing itself about with great rapidity. It ate almost any kind of fruit Swarovski Earrings and rice, and I was in hopes to have brought it to England, but it died Nike outlet just before I started. It took a dislike to me at first, which I tried to get over by feeding it constantly myself.
One day, however, it bit me so sharply while giving it food that I lost patience and gave it rather a severe beating, which I regretted afterward, as from that Tiffany Sets time it disliked me more than ever. It would allow my Malay boys to play with it, and for hours together would swing by its arms from pole to pole and on Tiffany and co outlet to the rafters of Tiffany Accessories the veranda with so much ease and rapidity that it was a constant source of amusement to us. When I Tiffany Charms returned to Singapore it attracted great attention, as no one had seen a siamang alive before, although it is not uncommon in some parts of the Malay Peninsula.
As the orang-utan Nike Shox is known to inhabit Sumatra, and was in fact first discovered there, I made many inquiries about it but none of the natives had ever heard of such an animal, nor could I find any of the Dutch officials who knew any thing about it. We may conclude, therefore, that it does not inhabit the great forest-plains in the east of Sumatra where one would naturally expect to find it, but is probably confined to a limited region in the north-west a part of the island entirely in the hands of native rulers. The other great Mammalia of Sumatra, the elephant Swarovski Outlet and the rhinoceros, are more widely distributed but the former is much more scarce than it was a few years ago, and seems to retire rapidly before the spread The Flying Lemur.

Darwin in his celebrated " Origin of Species," offers Nike Shox the foundation for such a theory and I have myself endeavored to apply it to all the chief cases of imitation in an article published in the Westminster Meview for Tiffany Sets 1867, entitled, "Mimicry, and other Protective Resemblances among Animals," to which any reader is referred who wishes to know more about this subject. Swarovski Earrings Iii Sumatra monkeys are very abundant, and at Lobo Raman they used to frequent the trees which overhang the guard-house, and give me a fine opportunity of observing their gambols. Two species of Semnopithecus were most plentiful monkeys of a slender form, with very long tails.
Not being much shot at, they are rather bold, and remain quite unconcerned when natives alone are present but when I came out to look at them, they would stare for a minute or two and then make off. They take tremendous leaps from the branches of one tree to those of another a little lower, and it is very amusing when one strong leader takes a bold jump, to see the others following with more or less trepidation and it often happens that one Tiffany Watches or two of the last seem quite unable to-make up their minds to leap till the rest are disappearing, when, as if in desperation at being left alone, they throw themselves frantically into the air, and often go crashing through the slender branches and fall to the ground.
A very curious ape, the siamang, was also rather abundant, but it is much less bold than the Swarovski Crystal monkeys, keeping to the virgin forests and avoiding villages. This species is allied to Swarovski Outlet the Tiffany Accessories little long-armed apes of the genus Hylobates, but is considerably larger, and differs from them by having the two first fingers of the feet united Tiffany and co outlet together, Tiffany Charms nearly to the end, whence its Latin name, Nike outlet Siamanga syndactyla. It moves much more slowly than the active Hylobates, keeping lower down in trees, and not indulging in such tremendous leaps but it is still very active, and by means of its immense long arms, five feet six inches across in an adult about three feet high, can swing itself along among the trees at a great rate.

The head and antennae are drawn back between the wings so as to be quite concealed, and there is a little notch hollowed out at the very base of the wings, which allows the head to be retracted sufficiently. All these varied details combine to produce a disguise that is so complete and marvellous as to astonish every one who observes it and the habits of the insects are such as to utilize all these peculiarities, and render them available in such a manner as to remove all doubt of the purpose of this singular case of mimicry, which is undoubtedly a protection to the insect.
[b][url=http://www.swarovskioutlet.org/swarovski-earrings-c-70.html]Swarovski Earrings[/url][/b] Its strong and swift flight is sufficient to save it from its enemies when on the wing, but if it were equally [b][url=http://www.tiffanyandcooutlet.org/tiffany-sets-c-16.html]Tiffany Sets[/url][/b] conspicuous when at rest it could not long [b][url=http://www.tiffanyandcooutlet.org/tiffany-watches-c-15.html]Tiffany Watches[/url][/b] escape extinction, owing to the [b][url=http://www.swarovskioutlet.org/]Swarovski Outlet[/url][/b] attacks of the insectivorous birds and reptiles that abound in the tropical forests. A very closely allied species (Kallima inachis) inhabits India, where it is very [b][url=http://www.tiffanyandcooutlet.org/tiffany-charms-c-14.html]Tiffany Charms[/url][/b] common, and specimens are sent in [b][url=http://www.nike-outlet.org/]Nike outlet[/url][/b] every collection from the Himalayas. On examining a number of these, it will be seen that no two are alike, but all the variations correspond to those of dead leaves. Every tint ProtectiveEesemblances.
148 of yellow, ash, brown, and red is found here, and in many specimens there occur patches and [b][url=http://www.tiffanyandcooutlet.org/tiffany-accessories-c-17.html]Tiffany Accessories[/url][/b] spots formed of small black dots, so closely resembling the way in which minute fungi grow on leaves that it is almost impossible at first not to believe that fungi have grown on the butterflies themselves! If such an extraordinary adaptation as this stood alone, it would be very difficult to offer any explanation of it but although it is perhaps the most perfect case of protective imitation known, there are hundreds of similar resemblances in [b][url=http://www.nike-outlet.org/nike-shox-c-75.html]Nike Shox[/url][/b] nature, and from these it is possible to deduce a general theory of [b][url=http://www.tiffanyandcooutlet.org]Tiffany and co outlet[/url][/b] the manner in which they have been slowly brought [b][url=http://www.swarovskioutlet.org/]Swarovski Crystal[/url][/b] about. The principle of variation and that of "natural selection," or survival of the fittest, as elaborated by Mr.